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QUESTION 12
What does the rate() function in PromQL return?

The total increase of a counter over a range.

The per-second rate of increase of a counter metric.

The average of all values in a vector.

The number of samples in a range vector.

QUESTION 13
Where does Prometheus store its time series data by default?

In-memory only.

In an embedded TSDB on local disk.

In an external database such as InfluxDB.

In etcd.

QUESTION 14
Which of the following is an invalid @ modifier expression?

go_goroutines @ start()

sum(http_requests_total{method=”GET”}) @ 1609746000

go_goroutines @ end()

sum(http_requests_total{method=”GET”} @ 1609746000)

QUESTION 15
Which field in alerting rules files indicates the time an alert needs to go from pending to firing state?

duration

interval

timeout

for

QUESTION 16
What is a difference between a counter and a gauge?

Counters change value on each scrape and gauges remain static.

Counters and gauges are different names for the same thing.

Counters have no labels while gauges can have many labels.

Counters are only incremented, while gauges can go up and down.

QUESTION 17
What function calculates the tp-quantile from a histogram?

histogram_quantile()

histogram()

predict_linear()

avg_over_time()

QUESTION 18
What is a rule group?

It is a set of rules that are executed sequentially.

It is the set (the group) of all the rules in a file.

It is a set of rules, split into groups by type.

It is a set of rules that are grouped by labels.

QUESTION 19
What’s “wrong” with the myapp_filG_uploads_total{userid=,,5123″,status=”failed”} metric?

The userid should not be exposed as a label.

The status should not be exposed as a label.

The _total suffix should be omitted.

The metric name should consist of dashes instead of underscores.

QUESTION 20
Which of the following signals belongs to symptom-based alerting?

API latency

Disk space

Database availability

CPU usage

QUESTION 21
What is the best way to expose a timestamp from your application?

With a gauge that has the timestamp as value.

With a constant metric of value 1 and the timestamp as metric timestamp.

With a counter that is increased to the correct value.

With a constant metric of value 1 and the timestamp as label.

QUESTION 22
With the following metrics over the last 5 minutes:
up{instance=”localhost”} 1 1 1 1 1
up{instance=”server1″} 1 0 0 0 0
What does the following query return:
min_over_time(up[5m])

{instance=”localhost”} 1 {instance=”server1″} 0

{instance=”server1″} 0

QUESTION 23
What is api_http_requests_total in the following metric?
api_http_requests_total{method=”POST”, handler=”/messages”}

“api_http_requests_total” is a metric label name.

“api_http_requests_total” is a metric type.

“api_http_requests_total” is a metric name.

“api_http_requests_total” is a metric field.

QUESTION 24
What is the minimum requirement for an application to expose Prometheus metrics?

It must be exposed to the Internet.

It must be compiled for 64-bit architectures.

It must be able to serve text over HTTP.

It must run on Linux.

QUESTION 25
Which of the following metrics is unsuitable for a Prometheus setup?

prometheus_engine_query_log_enabled

promhttp_metric_handler_requests_total{code=”500″}

http_response_total{handler=”static/*filepath”}

user_last_login_timestamp_seconds{email=”[email protected]”}

QUESTION 26
What are the four golden signals of monitoring as defined by Google’s SRE principles?

Traffic, Errors, Latency, Saturation

Requests, CPU, Memory, Latency

Availability, Logging, Errors, Throughput

Utilization, Load, Disk, Network

QUESTION 27
Which PromQL statement returns the average free bytes of the filesystems over the last hour?

avg_over_time(node_filesystem_avail_bytes[1h])

avg(node_filesystem_avail_bytes[1h])

sum(node_filesystem_avail_bytes[1h])

sum_over_time(node_filesystem_avail_bytes[1h])

QUESTION 28
Which Prometheus component handles service discovery?

Alertmanager

Prometheus Server

Pushgateway

Node Exporter

QUESTION 29
How many metric types does Prometheus text format support?

QUESTION 30
Which Alertmanager feature prevents duplicate notifications from being sent?

Grouping

Inhibition

Deduplication

Silencing

QUESTION 31
What does scrape_interval configure in Prometheus?

It defines how frequently to scrape targets.

It defines how frequently to evaluate rules.

It defines how often to send alerts.

It defines how often to refresh metrics.

QUESTION 32
How can you use Prometheus Node Exporter?

You can use it to instrument applications with metrics.

You can use it to collect resource metrics from the application HTTP server.

You can use it to collect metrics for hardware and OS metrics.

You can use it to probe endpoints over HTTP, HTTPS.

QUESTION 33
Which PromQL expression computes the rate of API Server requests across the different cloud providers from the following metrics?
apiserver_request_total{job=”kube-apiserver”, instance=”192.168.1.220:6443″, cloud=”aws”} 1 apiserver_request_total{job=”kube-apiserver”, instance=”192.168.1.121:6443″, cloud=”gcloud”} 5

rate(apiserver_request_total{job=”kube-apiserver”}[5m]) by (cloud)

sum by (cloud) (apiserver_request_total{job=”kube-apiserver”})

sum by (cloud)(rate(apiserver_request_total{job=”kube-apiserver”}[5m]))

rate(sum by (cloud)(apiserver_request_total{job=”kube-apiserver”})[5m])

QUESTION 34
http_requests_total{verb=”POST”} 30
http_requests_total{verb=”GET”} 30
What is the issue with the metric family?

Metric names are missing a prefix to indicate which application is exposing the query.

The value represents two different things across the dimensions: code and verb.

verb label content should be normalized to lowercase.

Unit is missing in the http_requests_total metric name.

QUESTION 35
What is the difference between client libraries and exporters?

Exporters are written in Go. Client libraries are written in many languages.

Exporters expose metrics for scraping. Client libraries push metrics via Remote Write.

Exporters run next to the services to monitor, and use client libraries internally.

Exporters and client libraries mean the same thing.

Linux Foundation PCA Exam Syllabus Topics:

Topic	Details
Topic 1	PromQL: This section of the exam measures the skills of Monitoring Specialists and focuses on Prometheus Query Language (PromQL) concepts. It covers data selection, calculating rates and derivatives, and performing aggregations across time and dimensions. Candidates also study the use of binary operators, histograms, and timestamp metrics to analyze monitoring data effectively, ensuring accurate interpretation of system performance and trends.
Topic 2	Observability Concepts: This section of the exam measures the skills of Site Reliability Engineers and covers the essential principles of observability used in modern systems. It focuses on understanding metrics, logs, and tracing mechanisms such as spans, as well as the difference between push and pull data collection methods. Candidates also learn about service discovery processes and the fundamentals of defining and maintaining SLOs, SLAs, and SLIs to monitor performance and reliability.
Topic 3	Alerting and Dashboarding: This section of the exam assesses the competencies of Cloud Operations Engineers and focuses on monitoring visualization and alert management. It covers dashboarding basics, alerting rules configuration, and the use of Alertmanager to handle notifications. Candidates also learn the core principles of when, what, and why to trigger alerts, ensuring they can create reliable monitoring dashboards and proactive alerting systems to maintain system stability.
Topic 4	Instrumentation and Exporters: This domain evaluates the abilities of Software Engineers and addresses the methods for integrating Prometheus into applications. It includes the use of client libraries, the process of instrumenting code, and the proper structuring and naming of metrics. The section also introduces exporters that allow Prometheus to collect metrics from various systems, ensuring efficient and standardized monitoring implementation.
Topic 5	Prometheus Fundamentals: This domain evaluates the knowledge of DevOps Engineers and emphasizes the core architecture and components of Prometheus. It includes topics such as configuration and scraping techniques, limitations of the Prometheus system, data models and labels, and the exposition format used for data collection. The section ensures a solid grasp of how Prometheus functions as a monitoring and alerting toolkit within distributed environments.

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