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[Q22-Q39] Pass Your 212-81 Exam Easily With 100% Exam Passing Guarantee [2023]

[Q22-Q39] Pass Your 212-81 Exam Easily With 100% Exam Passing Guarantee [2023]

January 5, 2023 admin212-81, EC-COUNCIL212-81 Exam Topics, 212-81 new exam questions explanations, 212-81 reliable exam camp, 212-81 reliable exam objectives pdf, 212-81 valid exam objectives, 212-81 valid mock testLeave a Comment on [Q22-Q39] Pass Your 212-81 Exam Easily With 100% Exam Passing Guarantee [2023]

Pass Your 212-81 Exam Easily With 100% Exam Passing Guarantee [2023]

212-81 Dumps are Available for Instant Access from PrepAwayExam

EC-COUNCIL 212-81 Exam Syllabus Topics:

Topic Details
Topic 1
  • Number Theory and Asymmetric Cryptography
  • Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
Topic 2
  • International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA)
  • History of Cryptography
Topic 3
  • Shiva Password Authentication Protocol (S-PAP)
  • Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)
Topic 4
  • Propagating Cipher-Block Chaining (PCBC)
  • Naor-Reingold and Mersenne Twister Pseudorandom Function
Topic 5
  • Birthday Paradox: Probability
  • Mono-Alphabet Substitution
Topic 6
  • Information Theory Cryptography Concepts
  • Multi-Alphabet Substitution
Topic 7
  • Steganography Implementations
  • Example of Symmetric Stream Ciphers: RC4
Topic 8
  • Introduction and History of Cryptography
  • Breaking the Vigenère Cipher
Topic 9
  • Symmetric Block Cipher Algorithms
  • Basic Facts of the Feistel Function
Topic 10
  • Symmetric Cryptography & Hashes
  • Single Substitution Weaknesses
Topic 11
  • Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)
  • National Security Agency and Cryptography
Topic 12
  • Cracking Modern Cryptography: Ciphertext-only and Related-key Attack
  • Cracking Modern Cryptography: Chosen Plaintext Attack

 

NEW QUESTION 22
Juanita is attempting to hide some text into a jpeg file. Hiding messages inside another medium is referred to as which one of the following?

 
 
 
 
Steganography
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steganography
Steganography is the practice of concealing a file, message, image, or video within another file, message, image, or video. The word steganography comes from Greek steganographia, which combines the words steganos, meaning “covered or concealed”, and -graphia meaning “writing”.
Incorrect answers:
Cryptography, or cryptology, is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties called adversaries.
Steganalysis – is the study of detecting messages hidden using steganography; this is analogous to cryptanalysis applied to cryptography.

NEW QUESTION 23
Ferris has been assigned the task of selecting security for his company’s wireless network. It is important that he pick the strongest form of wireless security. Which one of the following is the strongest wireless security?

 
 
 
 
WPA2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Access
WPA (sometimes referred to as the draft IEEE 802.11i standard) became available in 2003. The Wi-Fi Alliance intended it as an intermediate measure in anticipation of the availability of the more secure and complex WPA2, which became available in 2004 and is a common shorthand for the full IEEE 802.11i (or IEEE 802.11i-2004) standard.

NEW QUESTION 24
The concept that if one bit of data changes, the cipher text will all completely change as well.

 
 
 
 
Avalanche
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_effect
In cryptography, the avalanche effect is the desirable property of cryptographic algorithms, typically block ciphers and cryptographic hash functions, wherein if an input is changed slightly (for example, flipping a single bit), the output changes significantly (e.g., half the output bits flip). In the case of high-quality block ciphers, such a small change in either the key or the plaintext should cause a drastic change in the ciphertext. The actual term was first used by Horst Feistel, although the concept dates back to at least Shannon’s diffusion.
Incorrect answers:
Confusion – Confusion means that each binary digit (bit) of the ciphertext should depend on several parts of the key, obscuring the connections between the two.
The property of confusion hides the relationship between the ciphertext and the key.
This property makes it difficult to find the key from the ciphertext and if a single bit in a key is changed, the calculation of the values of most or all of the bits in the ciphertext will be affected.
Confusion increases the ambiguity of ciphertext and it is used by both block and stream ciphers.
Substitution – method of encrypting by which units of plaintext are replaced with ciphertext, according to a fixed system; the “units” may be single letters (the most common), pairs of letters, triplets of letters, mixtures of the above, and so forth. The receiver deciphers the text by performing the inverse substitution.
Collision – occurs when a hash function generates the same output for different inputs.

NEW QUESTION 25
Which of the following was a multi alphabet cipher widely used from the 16th century to the early 20th century?

 
 
 
 
Vigenere
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigen%C3%A8re_cipher
The Vigenere cipher is a method of encrypting alphabetic text by using a series of interwoven Caesar ciphers, based on the letters of a keyword. It employs a form of polyalphabetic substitution.
First described by Giovan Battista Bellaso in 1553, the cipher is easy to understand and implement, but it resisted all attempts to break it until 1863, three centuries later. This earned it the description le chiffre indechiffrable (French for ‘the indecipherable cipher’). Many people have tried to implement encryption schemes that are essentially Vigenere ciphers. In 1863, Friedrich Kasiski was the first to publish a general method of deciphering Vigenere ciphers.
Incorrect answers:
Caesar – Monoalphabetic cipher where letters are shifted one or more letters in either direction. The method is named after Julius Caesar, who used it in his private correspondence.
Atbash – Single substitution monoalphabetic cipher that substitutes each letter with its reverse (a and z, b and y, etc).
Scytale – Transposition cipher. A staff with papyrus or letter wrapped around it so edges would line up. There would be a stream of characters which would show you your message. When unwound it would be a random string of characters. Would need an identical size staff on other end for other individuals to decode message.

NEW QUESTION 26
Which algorithm implements an unbalanced Feistel cipher?

 
 
 
 
Skipjack
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skipjack_(cipher)
Skipjack uses an 80-bit key to encrypt or decrypt 64-bit data blocks. It is an unbalanced Feistel network with 32 rounds.

NEW QUESTION 27
Message hidden in unrelated text. Sender and receiver have pre-arranged to use a pattern to remove certain letters from the message which leaves only the true message behind.

 
 
 
 
Null Ciphers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_cipher
A null cipher, also known as concealment cipher, is an ancient form of encryption where the plaintext is mixed with a large amount of non-cipher material. Today it is regarded as a simple form of steganography, which can be used to hide ciphertext.
Incorrect answers:
Caesar Cipher – Monoalphabetic cipher where letters are shifted one or more letters in either direction. The method is named after Julius Caesar, who used it in his private correspondence.
Vigenere – method of encrypting alphabetic text by using a series of interwoven Caesar ciphers, based on the letters of a keyword. It employs a form of polyalphabetic substitution.
Playfair Cipher – manual symmetric encryption technique and was the first literal digram substitution cipher. The scheme was invented in 1854 by Charles Wheatstone, but bears the name of Lord Playfair for promoting its use.

NEW QUESTION 28
Which one of the following attempts to hide data in plain view?

 
 
 
 
Steganography
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steganography
Steganography is the practice of concealing a file, message, image, or video within another file, message, image, or video. The word steganography comes from Greek steganographia, which combines the words steganos , meaning “covered or concealed”, and -graphia meaning “writing”.

NEW QUESTION 29
A symmetric Stream Cipher published by the German engineering firm Seimans in 1993. A software based stream cipher that uses a Lagged Fibonacci generator along with concepts borrowed from shrinking generator ciphers.

 
 
 
 
FISH
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FISH_(cipher)
The FISH (FIbonacci SHrinking) stream cipher is a fast software based stream cipher using Lagged Fibonacci generators, plus a concept from the shrinking generator cipher. It was published by Siemens in 1993. FISH is quite fast in software and has a huge key length. However, in the same paper where he proposed Pike, Ross Anderson showed that FISH can be broken with just a few thousand bits of known plaintext.
Incorrect answers:
Twofish – symmetric algorithm. Designed by Bruce Schneier, John Kelsey, Doug Whiting, David Wagner, Chris Hall, and Niels Ferguson. Uses a block size of 128 bits and key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits. It is a Feistel cipher.
IDEA – symmetric algorithm. Designed by James Massey and Xuejia Lai. Operates on 64 bit blocks and has a 128 bit key. Consists of 8 identical transformations each round and an output transformation.
DESX – symmetric algorithm. 64 bit key is appended to data, XOR it, and then apply the DES algorithm.

NEW QUESTION 30
Which of the following areas is considered a strength of symmetric key cryptography when compared with asymmetric algorithms?

 
 
 
 
Speed
Symmetric key systems are considerably faster than asymmetric key systems but have issues with proper key distribution, controlling keys as more users need to communicate, and cannot provide non-repudiation or authenticity.

NEW QUESTION 31
What size block does FORK256 use?

 
 
 
 
512
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FORK-256
FORK-256 was introduced at the 2005 NIST Hash workshop and published the following year.[6] FORK-256 uses 512-bit blocks and implements preset constants that change after each repetition. Each block is hashed into a 256-bit block through four branches that divides each 512 block into sixteen 32-bit words that are further encrypted and rearranged

NEW QUESTION 32
Network of trusted certificate authority servers. Use asymmetric key pairs and combines software, encryption and services to provide a means of protecting security of business communication and transactions.

 
 
 
 
PKI
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_infrastructure
A public key infrastructure (PKI) is a set of roles, policies, hardware, software and procedures needed to create, manage, distribute, use, store and revoke digital certificates and manage public-key encryption. The purpose of a PKI is to facilitate the secure electronic transfer of information for a range of network activities such as e-commerce, internet banking and confidential email. It is required for activities where simple passwords are an inadequate authentication method and more rigorous proof is required to confirm the identity of the parties involved in the communication and to validate the information being transferred.
Incorrect answers:
PIKE – stream cipher was invented by Ross Anderson to be a “leaner and meaner” version of FISH after he broke FISH in 1994. Its name is supposed to be a humorous allusion to the pike fish.
GOST – hash function, defined in the standards GOST R 34.11-94 and GOST 34.311-95 is a 256-bit cryptographic hash function. It was initially defined in the Russian national standard GOST R 34.11-94 Information Technology – Cryptographic Information Security – Hash Function. The equivalent standard used by other member-states of the CIS is GOST 34.311-95.
CA – certificate authority or certification authority (CA) is an entity that issues digital certificates. A digital certificate certifies the ownership of a public key by the named subject of the certificate. This allows others (relying parties) to rely upon signatures or on assertions made about the private key that corresponds to the certified public key. A CA acts as a trusted third party-trusted both by the subject (owner) of the certificate and by the party relying upon the certificate. The format of these certificates is specified by the X.509 or EMV standard.

NEW QUESTION 33
Which analysis type is based on the statistics of the numbers of unique colors and close-color pairs in a 24-bit image, a method that analyzes the pairs of colors created by LSB embedding?

 
 
 
 
Raw Quick Pair
https://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/courses/compsci725s2c/archive/termpapers/yy.pdf Du and Long2 (2000) introduced Raw Quick Pairs detecting method of Stego-images (the images that contain the steganographic message). The underlying principle of the method is that the number of close color pairs of Stego-images will be larger compare with the number of close color pairs of normal images. In contrast, Fridrich and Goljan (2001) pointed out that RQP method only works if the number of unique colors is relatively low; and the method can not be applied to grayscale images. However, this paper will outline the core principle of RQP method; and evaluate such critical comments in details. In addition, this paper suggests potential improvement of RQP method and provides one possible alternative.
Incorrect answers:
Chi squared analysis – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi-squared_test
Differential Analysis – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_cryptanalysis Discrete Cosine Transform – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform

NEW QUESTION 34
The next number is derived from adding together the prior two numbers (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89).

 
 
 
 
Fibonacci Sequence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_number
In mathematics, the Fibonacci numbers, commonly denoted Fn, form a sequence, called the Fibonacci sequence, such that each number is the sum of the two preceding ones, starting from 0 and 1. That is, F0 = 0, F1=1, Fn = Fn-1 + Fn-2; for n > 1.
The beginning of the sequence is thus:
0,1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144…
Incorrect answers:
Prime numbers – numbers that have only 2 factors: 1 and themselves. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47…
Fermat numbers – a positive integer of the form Fn = 2^2^n +1; where n is a non-negative integer. The first few Fermat numbers are: 3, 5, 17, 257, 65537, 4294967297, 18446744073709551617, …
Odd numbers – any number which cannot be divided by two 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 …

NEW QUESTION 35
This algorithm was published by the German engineering firm Seimans in 1993. It is a software based stream cipher using Lagged Fibonacci generator along with a concept borrowed from the shrinking generator ciphers.

 
 
 
 
FISH
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FISH_(cipher)
The FISH (FIbonacci SHrinking) stream cipher is a fast software based stream cipher using Lagged Fibonacci generators, plus a concept from the shrinking generator cipher. It was published by Siemens in 1993. FISH is quite fast in software and has a huge key length. However, in the same paper where he proposed Pike, Ross Anderson showed that FISH can be broken with just a few thousand bits of known plaintext.

NEW QUESTION 36
If you wished to see a list of revoked certificates from a CA, where would you look?

 
 
 
 
CRL
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_Revocation_List
Certificate Revocation List (or CRL) is “a list of digital certificates that have been revoked by the issuing certificate authority (CA) before their scheduled expiration date and should no longer be trusted”.
Incorrect answers:
RA – Used to proxy the certificate requests on behalf of the user and validate whether or not they are legitimate instead of having the user go directly to the CA. The RA talks to the subordinate CA on behalf of the user, which makes it harder for the actor to get directly to the certificate authority and do harm.
RFC – Request for Comments (RFC) is a publication from the Internet Society (ISOC) and its associated bodies, most prominently the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the principal technical development and standards-setting bodies for the Internet.
CA – certificate authority or certification authority is an entity that issues digital certificates

NEW QUESTION 37
Which of the following is an asymmetric algorithm that was first publically described in 1977?

 
 
 
 
RSA
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_(cryptosystem)
RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) is a public-key cryptosystem that is widely used for secure data transmission. It is also one of the oldest. The acronym RSA comes from the surnames of Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman, who publicly described the algorithm in 1977.
Incorrect answers:
Elliptic Curve – Elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) is an approach to public-key cryptography based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields. ECC allows smaller keys compared to non-EC cryptography (based on plain Galois fields) to provide equivalent security.
Twofish – is a symmetric key block cipher with a block size of 128 bits and key sizes up to 256 bits. It was one of the five finalists of the Advanced Encryption Standard contest, but it was not selected for standardization. Twofish is related to the earlier block cipher Blowfish.
DESX – is a variant on the DES (Data Encryption Standard) symmetric-key block cipher intended to increase the complexity of a brute-force attack using a technique called key whitening.

NEW QUESTION 38
What is the name of the attack where the attacker obtains the ciphertexts corresponding to a set of plaintexts of his own choosing?

 
 
 
 
Chosen plaintext
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chosen-plaintext_attack
A chosen-plaintext attack (CPA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis which presumes that the attacker can obtain the ciphertexts for arbitrary plaintexts. The goal of the attack is to gain information that reduces the security of the encryption scheme.
Incorrect answers:
Differential cryptanalysis – is a general form of cryptanalysis applicable primarily to block ciphers, but also to stream ciphers and cryptographic hash functions. In the broadest sense, it is the study of how differences in information input can affect the resultant difference at the output. In the case of a block cipher, it refers to a set of techniques for tracing differences through the network of transformation, discovering where the cipher exhibits non-random behavior, and exploiting such properties to recover the secret key (cryptography key).
Known-plaintext attack – (KPA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the attacker has access to both the plaintext (called a crib), and its encrypted version (ciphertext). These can be used to reveal further secret information such as secret keys and code books.
Kasiski examination – (also referred to as Kasiski’s test or Kasiski’s method) is a method of attacking polyalphabetic substitution ciphers, such as the Vigenere cipher. It was first published by Friedrich Kasiski in 1863, but seems to have been independently discovered by Charles Babbage as early as 1846. In polyalphabetic substitution ciphers where the substitution alphabets are chosen by the use of a keyword, the Kasiski examination allows a cryptanalyst to deduce the length of the keyword. Once the length of the keyword is discovered, the cryptanalyst lines up the ciphertext in n columns, where n is the length of the keyword. Then each column can be treated as the ciphertext of a monoalphabetic substitution cipher. As such, each column can be attacked with frequency analysis.

NEW QUESTION 39
John is trying to explain the basics of cryptography to a group of young, novice, security students. Which one of the following most accurately defines encryption?

 
 
 
 
Changing a message so it can only be easily read by the intended recipient
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryption
Encryption is the process of encoding information. This process converts the original representation of the information, known as plaintext, into an alternative form known as ciphertext. Ideally, only authorized parties can decipher a ciphertext back to plaintext and access the original information. Encryption does not itself prevent interference but denies the intelligible content to a would-be interceptor.

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